§Free verse的代表→Walt Whithman, Emily Dickenson
1. Walt Whitman
→An American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.
*詩：多慷慨激昂 →在那當時，被人成之為"淫穢之作"(講義p.172)
* (p.1082)When Lilacs last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
→尾韻不工整，但是左邊很明顯
→緬懷林肯總統
e.g.
2
O powerful western fallen star!
O shades of night—O moody, tearful night!
O great star disappear’d—O the black murk that hides the star!
O cruel hands that hold me powerless—O helpless soul of me!
O harsh surrounding cloud that will not free my soul.
6
Coffin that passes through lanes and streets,
Through day and night with the great cloud darkening the land,
With the pomp of the inloop’d flags with the cities draped in black,
With the show of the States themselves as of crape-veil’d women standing,
With processions long and winding and the flambeaus of the night,
With the countless torches lit, with the silent sea of faces and the unbared heads,
With the waiting depot, the arriving coffin, and the sombre faces,
With dirges through the night, with the thousand voices rising strong and solemn,
With all the mournful voices of the dirges pour’d around the coffin,
The dim-lit churches and the shuddering organs—where amid these you journey,
With the tolling tolling bells’ perpetual clang,
Here, coffin that slowly passes,
I give you my sprig of lilac.
2. Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
→An American poet. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts, to a successful family with strong community ties, she lived a mostly introverted and reclusive life. Considered an eccentric by the locals, she became known for her penchant for white clothing and her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, even leave her room. Most of her friendships were therefore carried out by correspondence.
*詩：是用號碼來排序，但有爭議 →以每首詩的第一行，當作title
*(講義p.174)
1. A narrow fellow in the grass
→一個女性對初夜的恐懼與期待
2. Because I could not stop of Death
→at morning, school where children played, gazing grain, setting sun (象徵人的一生)
→兩篇都和Sophix riddle有關
(>Oedipus→老國王在岔路會被自己的兒子殺死。)
*喜歡談論有關death有關的plague
→Edgar Allen Poe 也曾用Death創作過 <The Masque of the Red Death紅死神面具> (p.168)
*[ ]→為短詩的標題 (p.1197)
*(講義p.168)
→wanderer/ I’m Nobody.
→Odysseus (誤射殺海神Poseidon的獨眼兒子Polyphemus)
*[465](p.1207-1208)
→Whirlwind Job (約伯傳)
→the best one/ the most righteous person on earth
→trail/scapegoat/ the chosen people/ after life
(>最高級的scapegoat: Jesus)
*Cain該隱 murdered Abel亞伯
→ ‘Am I my brother keeper?’
§American Literature (1835-1914)
→歐美勢力的消長(WWI)
1. Mark Twain
→Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel".
→代表中下階層
→口語化文學(偶爾會有錯誤的文法：catched→caught)
→child protagonist
→弱勢族群的集結
→利用方言俚語來凸顯書中人物的地方色彩和角色身分
*<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> (p.1465)
→用第一人稱
→主角Huckleberry "Huck" Finn
(1)和愛喝酒的父親同住
(2)黑奴James當朋友
2. Henry James (1843-1916)
→An American writer who spent most of his writing career in Britain. He is regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. He was the son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.
→有錢人、中上階層、住在都會區裡
→對文化的母國有憧憬(後來歸化英國)
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